qbdt.hpp

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//
// (C) Daniel Strano and the Qrack contributors 2017-2023. All rights reserved.
//
// QBinaryDecision tree is an alternative approach to quantum state representation, as
// opposed to state vector representation. This is a compressed form that can be
// operated directly on while compressed. Inspiration for the Qrack implementation was
// taken from JKQ DDSIM, maintained by the Institute for Integrated Circuits at the
// Johannes Kepler University Linz:
//
// https://github.com/iic-jku/ddsim
//
// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License V3.
// See LICENSE.md in the project root or https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.en.html
// for details.
 
#pragma once
 
#include "mpsshard.hpp"
#include "qbdt_node.hpp"
#include "qengine.hpp"
#include "qengine_gpu_util.hpp"
 
#include <algorithm>
 
#define QINTERFACE_TO_QALU(qReg) std::dynamic_pointer_cast<QAlu>(qReg)
#define QINTERFACE_TO_QPARITY(qReg) std::dynamic_pointer_cast<QParity>(qReg)
 
namespace Qrack {
 
class QBdt;
typedef std::shared_ptr<QBdt> QBdtPtr;
 
typedef std::function<void(const bitCapInt&, const unsigned& cpu)> ParallelFuncBdt;
 
#if ENABLE_ALU
class QBdt : public QAlu, public QParity, public QInterface {
#else
class QBdt : public QParity, public QInterface {
#endif
protected:
    bitLenInt bdtStride;
    int64_t devID;
    QBdtNodeInterfacePtr root;
    bitCapInt bdtMaxQPower;
    std::vector<int64_t> deviceIDs;
    std::vector<QInterfaceEngine> engines;
 
    QEnginePtr MakeQEngine(bitLenInt qbCount, const bitCapInt& perm = ZERO_BCI);
 
    template <typename Fn> void GetTraversal(Fn getLambda)
    {
        _par_for(maxQPower, [&](const bitCapInt& i, const unsigned& cpu) {
            QBdtNodeInterfacePtr leaf = root;
            complex scale = leaf->scale;
            for (bitLenInt j = 0U; j < qubitCount; ++j) {
                leaf = leaf->branches[SelectBit(i, j)];
                if (!leaf) {
                    break;
                }
                scale *= leaf->scale;
            }
 
            getLambda((bitCapIntOcl)i, scale);
        });
    }
    template <typename Fn> void SetTraversal(Fn setLambda)
    {
        if (qubitCount > QRACK_MAX_CPU_QB_DEFAULT) {
            throw bad_alloc("RAM limits exceeded in QBdt::SetTraversal()");
        }
 
        root = std::make_shared<QBdtNode>();
#if ENABLE_QBDT_CPU_PARALLEL && ENABLE_PTHREAD
        if (true) {
            std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(root->mtx);
            root->Branch(qubitCount);
        }
#else
        root->Branch(qubitCount);
#endif
 
        _par_for(maxQPower, [&](const bitCapInt& i, const unsigned& cpu) {
            QBdtNodeInterfacePtr leaf = root;
            for (bitLenInt j = 0U; j < qubitCount; ++j) {
                leaf = leaf->branches[SelectBit(i, j)];
            }
 
            setLambda((bitCapIntOcl)i, leaf);
        });
 
        root->PopStateVector(qubitCount);
        root->Prune(qubitCount);
    }
    template <typename Fn> void ExecuteAsStateVector(Fn operation)
    {
        QInterfacePtr qReg = MakeQEngine(qubitCount);
        GetQuantumState(qReg);
        operation(qReg);
        SetQuantumState(qReg);
    }
 
    template <typename Fn> bitCapInt BitCapIntAsStateVector(Fn operation)
    {
        QInterfacePtr qReg = MakeQEngine(qubitCount);
        GetQuantumState(qReg);
        const bitCapInt toRet = operation(qReg);
        SetQuantumState(qReg);
        return toRet;
    }
 
    template <typename Fn> bool BoolAsStateVector(Fn operation)
    {
        QInterfacePtr qReg = MakeQEngine(qubitCount);
        GetQuantumState(qReg);
        const bool toRet = operation(qReg);
        SetQuantumState(qReg);
        return toRet;
    }
 
    void par_for_qbdt(const bitCapInt& end, bitLenInt maxQubit, BdtFunc fn, bool branch = true);
    void _par_for(const bitCapInt& end, ParallelFuncBdt fn);
 
    void DecomposeDispose(bitLenInt start, bitLenInt length, QBdtPtr dest);
 
    void ApplyControlledSingle(const complex mtrx[4U], std::vector<bitLenInt> controls, bitLenInt target, bool isAnti);
 
    static size_t SelectBit(const bitCapInt& perm, bitLenInt bit) { return (size_t)bi_and_1(perm >> bit); }
 
    static bitCapInt RemovePower(const bitCapInt& perm, bitCapInt power)
    {
        bi_decrement(&power, 1U);
        return (perm & power) | ((perm >> 1U) & ~power);
    }
 
    void ApplySingle(const complex mtrx[4U], bitLenInt target);
 
    void Init();
 
    bitCapInt MAllOptionalCollapse(bool isCollapsing);
 
    bitCapInt SampleClone(const std::vector<bitCapInt>& qPowers)
    {
        const bitCapInt rawSample = MAllOptionalCollapse(false);
        bitCapInt sample = ZERO_BCI;
        for (size_t i = 0U; i < qPowers.size(); ++i) {
            if (bi_compare_0(rawSample & qPowers[i]) != 0) {
                bi_or_ip(&sample, pow2(i));
            }
        }
        return sample;
    }
 
    using QInterface::Copy;
    void Copy(QInterfacePtr orig) { Copy(std::dynamic_pointer_cast<QBdt>(orig)); }
    void Copy(QBdtPtr orig)
    {
        QInterface::Copy(orig);
        bdtStride = orig->bdtStride;
        devID = orig->devID;
        root = orig->root;
        bdtMaxQPower = orig->bdtMaxQPower;
        deviceIDs = orig->deviceIDs;
        engines = orig->engines;
    }
 
public:
    QBdt(std::vector<QInterfaceEngine> eng, bitLenInt qBitCount, const bitCapInt& initState = ZERO_BCI,
        qrack_rand_gen_ptr rgp = nullptr, const complex& phaseFac = CMPLX_DEFAULT_ARG, bool doNorm = false,
        bool randomGlobalPhase = true, bool useHostMem = false, int64_t deviceId = -1, bool useHardwareRNG = true,
        bool useSparseStateVec = false, real1_f norm_thresh = REAL1_EPSILON, std::vector<int64_t> ignored = {},
        bitLenInt qubitThreshold = 0, real1_f separation_thresh = _qrack_qunit_sep_thresh);
 
    QBdt(bitLenInt qBitCount, const bitCapInt& initState = ZERO_BCI, qrack_rand_gen_ptr rgp = nullptr,
        const complex& phaseFac = CMPLX_DEFAULT_ARG, bool doNorm = false, bool randomGlobalPhase = true,
        bool useHostMem = false, int64_t deviceId = -1, bool useHardwareRNG = true, bool useSparseStateVec = false,
        real1_f norm_thresh = REAL1_EPSILON, std::vector<int64_t> devList = {}, bitLenInt qubitThreshold = 0U,
        real1_f separation_thresh = _qrack_qunit_sep_thresh)
        : QBdt({ QINTERFACE_HYBRID }, qBitCount, initState, rgp, phaseFac, doNorm, randomGlobalPhase, useHostMem,
              deviceId, useHardwareRNG, useSparseStateVec, norm_thresh, devList, qubitThreshold, separation_thresh)
    {
    }
 
    size_t CountBranches();
 
    bool isBinaryDecisionTree() { return true; };
 
    void SetDevice(int64_t dID) { devID = dID; }
    void SetDeviceList(std::vector<int64_t> dIDs) { deviceIDs = dIDs; }
    int64_t GetDevice() { return devID; }
    std::vector<int64_t> GetDeviceList() { return deviceIDs; }
 
    void UpdateRunningNorm(real1_f norm_thresh = REAL1_DEFAULT_ARG)
    {
        // Intentionally left blank.
    }
 
    void NormalizeState(
        real1_f nrm = REAL1_DEFAULT_ARG, real1_f norm_thresh = REAL1_DEFAULT_ARG, real1_f phaseArg = ZERO_R1_F)
    {
        root->Normalize(qubitCount);
    }
 
    real1_f SumSqrDiff(QInterfacePtr toCompare) { return SumSqrDiff(std::dynamic_pointer_cast<QBdt>(toCompare)); }
    real1_f SumSqrDiff(QBdtPtr toCompare);
 
    void SetPermutation(const bitCapInt& initState, const complex& phaseFac = CMPLX_DEFAULT_ARG);
 
    QInterfacePtr Clone();
 
    void GetQuantumState(complex* state)
    {
        GetTraversal([state](bitCapIntOcl i, const complex& scale) { state[i] = scale; });
    }
    void GetQuantumState(QInterfacePtr eng)
    {
        GetTraversal([eng](bitCapIntOcl i, const complex& scale) { eng->SetAmplitude(i, scale); });
    }
    void SetQuantumState(const complex* state)
    {
        SetTraversal([state](bitCapIntOcl i, QBdtNodeInterfacePtr leaf) { leaf->scale = state[i]; });
    }
    void SetQuantumState(QInterfacePtr eng)
    {
        SetTraversal([eng](bitCapIntOcl i, QBdtNodeInterfacePtr leaf) { leaf->scale = eng->GetAmplitude(i); });
    }
    void GetProbs(real1* outputProbs)
    {
        GetTraversal([outputProbs](bitCapIntOcl i, const complex& scale) { outputProbs[i] = norm(scale); });
    }
 
    complex GetAmplitude(const bitCapInt& perm);
    void SetAmplitude(const bitCapInt& perm, const complex& amp)
    {
        ExecuteAsStateVector([&](QInterfacePtr eng) { eng->SetAmplitude(perm, amp); });
    }
 
    bool IsSeparable(bitLenInt start);
 
    bool TryDecompose(bitLenInt start, QInterfacePtr dest, real1_f error_tol = TRYDECOMPOSE_EPSILON)
    {
        if (error_tol > TRYDECOMPOSE_EPSILON) {
            return QInterface::TryDecompose(start, dest, error_tol);
        }
 
        const bitLenInt length = dest->GetQubitCount();
        const bitLenInt nStart = qubitCount - length;
        const bitLenInt shift = nStart - start;
        for (bitLenInt i = 0U; i < shift; ++i) {
            Swap(start + i, qubitCount - (i + 1U));
        }
 
        const bool isSeparable = IsSeparable(nStart);
 
        for (bitLenInt i = shift; i > 0U; --i) {
            Swap(start + (i - 1U), qubitCount - i);
        }
 
        if (isSeparable) {
            Decompose(start, dest);
            return true;
        }
 
        return false;
    }
 
    using QInterface::TrySeparate;
    bool TrySeparate(const std::vector<bitLenInt>& _qubits, real1_f error_tol)
    {
        ThrowIfQbIdArrayIsBad(_qubits, qubitCount,
            "QBdt::TrySeparate parameter qubit array values must be within allocated qubit bounds!");
 
        if (!_qubits.size() || (_qubits.size() == qubitCount)) {
            return true;
        }
 
        std::vector<bitLenInt> qubits(_qubits);
        std::sort(qubits.begin(), qubits.end());
        for (size_t i = 0U; i < qubits.size(); ++i) {
            Swap(i, qubits[i]);
        }
        const bool result = IsSeparable(qubits.size());
        for (bitLenInt i = qubits.size(); i > 0U; --i) {
            Swap(i - 1U, qubits[i - 1U]);
        }
 
        return result;
    }
    bool TrySeparate(bitLenInt qubit)
    {
        if (qubit >= qubitCount) {
            throw std::invalid_argument("QBdt::TrySeparate argument out-of-bounds!");
        }
        if (qubitCount == 1U) {
            return true;
        }
 
        Swap(qubit, 0U);
        const bool result = IsSeparable(1U);
        Swap(qubit, 0U);
 
        return result;
    }
    bool TrySeparate(bitLenInt qubit1, bitLenInt qubit2)
    {
        if (qubit1 == qubit2) {
            throw std::invalid_argument("QBdt::TrySeparate qubits must be distinct!");
        }
        if ((qubit1 >= qubitCount) || (qubit2 >= qubitCount)) {
            throw std::invalid_argument("QBdt::TrySeparate argument out-of-bounds!");
        }
        if (qubitCount == 2U) {
            return true;
        }
        if (qubit1 > qubit2) {
            std::swap(qubit1, qubit2);
        }
 
        Swap(qubit1, 0U);
        Swap(qubit2, 1U);
        const bool result = IsSeparable(2U);
        Swap(qubit2, 1U);
        Swap(qubit1, 0U);
 
        return result;
    }
 
    using QInterface::Compose;
    bitLenInt Compose(QBdtPtr toCopy, bitLenInt start);
    bitLenInt Compose(QInterfacePtr toCopy, bitLenInt start)
    {
        return Compose(std::dynamic_pointer_cast<QBdt>(toCopy), start);
    }
    void Decompose(bitLenInt start, QInterfacePtr dest)
    {
        QBdtPtr d = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<QBdt>(dest);
        DecomposeDispose(start, dest->GetQubitCount(), d);
    }
    QInterfacePtr Decompose(bitLenInt start, bitLenInt length);
    void Dispose(bitLenInt start, bitLenInt length) { DecomposeDispose(start, length, nullptr); }
 
    void Dispose(bitLenInt start, bitLenInt length, const bitCapInt& disposedPerm)
    {
        ForceMReg(start, length, disposedPerm);
        DecomposeDispose(start, length, nullptr);
    }
 
    using QInterface::Allocate;
    bitLenInt Allocate(bitLenInt start, bitLenInt length);
 
    real1_f Prob(bitLenInt qubitIndex);
    real1_f ProbAll(const bitCapInt& fullRegister);
 
    bool ForceM(bitLenInt qubit, bool result, bool doForce = true, bool doApply = true)
    {
        return BoolAsStateVector([&](QInterfacePtr eng) { return eng->ForceM(qubit, result, doForce, doApply); });
    }
    bitCapInt MAll() { return MAllOptionalCollapse(true); }
 
    void Mtrx(const complex mtrx[4U], bitLenInt target);
    void MCMtrx(const std::vector<bitLenInt>& controls, const complex mtrx[4U], bitLenInt target);
    void MACMtrx(const std::vector<bitLenInt>& controls, const complex mtrx[4U], bitLenInt target);
    void MCPhase(
        const std::vector<bitLenInt>& controls, const complex& topLeft, const complex& bottomRight, bitLenInt target);
    void MCInvert(
        const std::vector<bitLenInt>& controls, const complex& topRight, const complex& bottomLeft, bitLenInt target);
 
    void FSim(real1_f theta, real1_f phi, bitLenInt qubitIndex1, bitLenInt qubitIndex2);
 
    void Swap(bitLenInt q1, bitLenInt q2)
    {
        if (q2 < q1) {
            std::swap(q1, q2);
        }
        QInterface::Swap(q1, q2);
    }
    void ISwap(bitLenInt q1, bitLenInt q2)
    {
        if (q2 < q1) {
            std::swap(q1, q2);
        }
        QInterface::ISwap(q1, q2);
    }
    void IISwap(bitLenInt q1, bitLenInt q2)
    {
        if (q2 < q1) {
            std::swap(q1, q2);
        }
        QInterface::IISwap(q1, q2);
    }
    void SqrtSwap(bitLenInt q1, bitLenInt q2)
    {
        if (q2 < q1) {
            std::swap(q1, q2);
        }
        QInterface::SqrtSwap(q1, q2);
    }
    void ISqrtSwap(bitLenInt q1, bitLenInt q2)
    {
        if (q2 < q1) {
            std::swap(q1, q2);
        }
        QInterface::ISqrtSwap(q1, q2);
    }
    void CSwap(const std::vector<bitLenInt>& controls, bitLenInt q1, bitLenInt q2)
    {
        if (q2 < q1) {
            std::swap(q1, q2);
        }
        QInterface::CSwap(controls, q1, q2);
    }
    void CSqrtSwap(const std::vector<bitLenInt>& controls, bitLenInt q1, bitLenInt q2)
    {
        if (q2 < q1) {
            std::swap(q1, q2);
        }
        QInterface::CSqrtSwap(controls, q1, q2);
    }
    void CISqrtSwap(const std::vector<bitLenInt>& controls, bitLenInt q1, bitLenInt q2)
    {
        if (q2 < q1) {
            std::swap(q1, q2);
        }
        QInterface::CISqrtSwap(controls, q1, q2);
    }
 
    real1_f ProbParity(const bitCapInt& mask)
    {
        if (bi_compare_0(mask) == 0) {
            return ZERO_R1_F;
        }
 
        bitCapInt maskMin1 = mask;
        bi_decrement(&maskMin1, 1U);
        if (bi_compare_0(mask & maskMin1) == 0) {
            return Prob(log2(mask));
        }
 
        real1_f toRet;
        ExecuteAsStateVector([&](QInterfacePtr eng) { toRet = QINTERFACE_TO_QPARITY(eng)->ProbParity(mask); });
 
        return toRet;
    }
    void CUniformParityRZ(const std::vector<bitLenInt>& controls, const bitCapInt& mask, real1_f angle)
    {
        ExecuteAsStateVector(
            [&](QInterfacePtr eng) { QINTERFACE_TO_QPARITY(eng)->CUniformParityRZ(controls, mask, angle); });
    }
    bool ForceMParity(const bitCapInt& mask, bool result, bool doForce = true)
    {
        // If no bits in mask:
        if (bi_compare_0(mask) == 0) {
            return false;
        }
 
        // If only one bit in mask:
        bitCapInt maskMin1 = mask;
        bi_decrement(&maskMin1, 1U);
        if (bi_compare_0(mask & maskMin1) == 0) {
            return ForceM(log2(mask), result, doForce);
        }
 
        bool toRet;
        ExecuteAsStateVector(
            [&](QInterfacePtr eng) { toRet = QINTERFACE_TO_QPARITY(eng)->ForceMParity(mask, result, doForce); });
 
        return toRet;
    }
 
#if ENABLE_ALU
    using QInterface::M;
    bool M(bitLenInt q) { return QInterface::M(q); }
    using QInterface::X;
    void X(bitLenInt q) { QInterface::X(q); }
    void INC(const bitCapInt& toAdd, bitLenInt start, bitLenInt length) { QInterface::INC(toAdd, start, length); }
    void DEC(const bitCapInt& toSub, bitLenInt start, bitLenInt length) { QInterface::DEC(toSub, start, length); }
    void INCC(const bitCapInt& toAdd, bitLenInt start, bitLenInt length, bitLenInt carryIndex)
    {
        QInterface::INCC(toAdd, start, length, carryIndex);
    }
    void DECC(const bitCapInt& toSub, bitLenInt start, bitLenInt length, bitLenInt carryIndex)
    {
        QInterface::DECC(toSub, start, length, carryIndex);
    }
    void INCS(const bitCapInt& toAdd, bitLenInt start, bitLenInt length, bitLenInt overflowIndex)
    {
        QInterface::INCS(toAdd, start, length, overflowIndex);
    }
    void DECS(const bitCapInt& toSub, bitLenInt start, bitLenInt length, bitLenInt overflowIndex)
    {
        QInterface::DECS(toSub, start, length, overflowIndex);
    }
    void CINC(const bitCapInt& toAdd, bitLenInt inOutStart, bitLenInt length, const std::vector<bitLenInt>& controls)
    {
        QInterface::CINC(toAdd, inOutStart, length, controls);
    }
    void CDEC(const bitCapInt& toSub, bitLenInt inOutStart, bitLenInt length, const std::vector<bitLenInt>& controls)
    {
        QInterface::CDEC(toSub, inOutStart, length, controls);
    }
    void INCDECC(const bitCapInt& toAdd, bitLenInt start, bitLenInt length, bitLenInt carryIndex)
    {
        QInterface::INCDECC(toAdd, start, length, carryIndex);
    }
    void MULModNOut(
        const bitCapInt& toMul, const bitCapInt& modN, bitLenInt inStart, bitLenInt outStart, bitLenInt length)
    {
        QInterface::MULModNOut(toMul, modN, inStart, outStart, length);
    }
    void IMULModNOut(
        const bitCapInt& toMul, const bitCapInt& modN, bitLenInt inStart, bitLenInt outStart, bitLenInt length)
    {
        QInterface::IMULModNOut(toMul, modN, inStart, outStart, length);
    }
    void CMULModNOut(const bitCapInt& toMul, const bitCapInt& modN, bitLenInt inStart, bitLenInt outStart,
        bitLenInt length, const std::vector<bitLenInt>& controls)
    {
        QInterface::CMULModNOut(toMul, modN, inStart, outStart, length, controls);
    }
    void CIMULModNOut(const bitCapInt& toMul, const bitCapInt& modN, bitLenInt inStart, bitLenInt outStart,
        bitLenInt length, const std::vector<bitLenInt>& controls)
    {
        QInterface::CIMULModNOut(toMul, modN, inStart, outStart, length, controls);
    }
    void PhaseFlipIfLess(const bitCapInt& greaterPerm, bitLenInt start, bitLenInt length)
    {
        ExecuteAsStateVector(
            [&](QInterfacePtr eng) { QINTERFACE_TO_QALU(eng)->PhaseFlipIfLess(greaterPerm, start, length); });
    }
    void CPhaseFlipIfLess(const bitCapInt& greaterPerm, bitLenInt start, bitLenInt length, bitLenInt flagIndex)
    {
        ExecuteAsStateVector([&](QInterfacePtr eng) {
            QINTERFACE_TO_QALU(eng)->CPhaseFlipIfLess(greaterPerm, start, length, flagIndex);
        });
    }
    void INCDECSC(
        const bitCapInt& toAdd, bitLenInt start, bitLenInt length, bitLenInt overflowIndex, bitLenInt carryIndex)
    {
        ExecuteAsStateVector([&](QInterfacePtr eng) {
            QINTERFACE_TO_QALU(eng)->INCDECSC(toAdd, start, length, overflowIndex, carryIndex);
        });
    }
    void INCDECSC(const bitCapInt& toAdd, bitLenInt start, bitLenInt length, bitLenInt carryIndex)
    {
        ExecuteAsStateVector(
            [&](QInterfacePtr eng) { QINTERFACE_TO_QALU(eng)->INCDECSC(toAdd, start, length, carryIndex); });
    }
#if ENABLE_BCD
    void INCBCD(const bitCapInt& toAdd, bitLenInt start, bitLenInt length)
    {
        ExecuteAsStateVector([&](QInterfacePtr eng) { QINTERFACE_TO_QALU(eng)->INCBCD(toAdd, start, length); });
    }
    void INCDECBCDC(const bitCapInt& toAdd, bitLenInt start, bitLenInt length, bitLenInt carryIndex)
    {
        ExecuteAsStateVector(
            [&](QInterfacePtr eng) { QINTERFACE_TO_QALU(eng)->INCDECBCDC(toAdd, start, length, carryIndex); });
    }
#endif
    void MUL(const bitCapInt& toMul, bitLenInt inOutStart, bitLenInt carryStart, bitLenInt length)
    {
        ExecuteAsStateVector(
            [&](QInterfacePtr eng) { QINTERFACE_TO_QALU(eng)->MUL(toMul, inOutStart, carryStart, length); });
    }
    void DIV(const bitCapInt& toDiv, bitLenInt inOutStart, bitLenInt carryStart, bitLenInt length)
    {
        ExecuteAsStateVector(
            [&](QInterfacePtr eng) { QINTERFACE_TO_QALU(eng)->DIV(toDiv, inOutStart, carryStart, length); });
    }
    void POWModNOut(
        const bitCapInt& base, const bitCapInt& modN, bitLenInt inStart, bitLenInt outStart, bitLenInt length)
    {
        ExecuteAsStateVector(
            [&](QInterfacePtr eng) { QINTERFACE_TO_QALU(eng)->POWModNOut(base, modN, inStart, outStart, length); });
    }
    void CMUL(const bitCapInt& toMul, bitLenInt inOutStart, bitLenInt carryStart, bitLenInt length,
        const std::vector<bitLenInt>& controls)
    {
        ExecuteAsStateVector(
            [&](QInterfacePtr eng) { QINTERFACE_TO_QALU(eng)->CMUL(toMul, inOutStart, carryStart, length, controls); });
    }
    void CDIV(const bitCapInt& toDiv, bitLenInt inOutStart, bitLenInt carryStart, bitLenInt length,
        const std::vector<bitLenInt>& controls)
    {
        ExecuteAsStateVector(
            [&](QInterfacePtr eng) { QINTERFACE_TO_QALU(eng)->CDIV(toDiv, inOutStart, carryStart, length, controls); });
    }
    void CPOWModNOut(const bitCapInt& base, const bitCapInt& modN, bitLenInt inStart, bitLenInt outStart,
        bitLenInt length, const std::vector<bitLenInt>& controls)
    {
        ExecuteAsStateVector([&](QInterfacePtr eng) {
            QINTERFACE_TO_QALU(eng)->CPOWModNOut(base, modN, inStart, outStart, length, controls);
        });
    }
    bitCapInt IndexedLDA(bitLenInt indexStart, bitLenInt indexLength, bitLenInt valueStart, bitLenInt valueLength,
        const unsigned char* values, bool resetValue = true)
    {
        return BitCapIntAsStateVector([&](QInterfacePtr eng) {
            return QINTERFACE_TO_QALU(eng)->IndexedLDA(
                indexStart, indexLength, valueStart, valueLength, values, resetValue);
        });
    }
    bitCapInt IndexedADC(bitLenInt indexStart, bitLenInt indexLength, bitLenInt valueStart, bitLenInt valueLength,
        bitLenInt carryIndex, const unsigned char* values)
    {
        return BitCapIntAsStateVector([&](QInterfacePtr eng) {
            return QINTERFACE_TO_QALU(eng)->IndexedADC(
                indexStart, indexLength, valueStart, valueLength, carryIndex, values);
        });
    }
    bitCapInt IndexedSBC(bitLenInt indexStart, bitLenInt indexLength, bitLenInt valueStart, bitLenInt valueLength,
        bitLenInt carryIndex, const unsigned char* values)
    {
        return BitCapIntAsStateVector([&](QInterfacePtr eng) {
            return QINTERFACE_TO_QALU(eng)->IndexedSBC(
                indexStart, indexLength, valueStart, valueLength, carryIndex, values);
        });
    }
    void Hash(bitLenInt start, bitLenInt length, const unsigned char* values)
    {
        ExecuteAsStateVector([&](QInterfacePtr eng) { QINTERFACE_TO_QALU(eng)->Hash(start, length, values); });
    }
#endif
};
} // namespace Qrack